Humans are Part of Evolution, not a Special Creation

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

There is a need to understand hominid activity, development, and progress to grasp who we think we are as humans today and see we are evolution not some special creation.

Hominids are the members of the biological family hominidae (the great apes) which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Generally, hominidae includes those species, which share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond the family or band.

While humans all originate from Africa, a primate fossil named Afrasia djijidae suggests hominid ancestors originated in Asia and not Africa. One strange way we know all humans originate from Africa is the lip-borne herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

The ability to analyze the HSV-1virus, DNA is proving very useful in tracing the migration patterns of early humans and assisting in confirming the “out of Africa” theory of early human development. Researchers looked at the 31 different genomes and built a “family tree” for the HSV-1 virus.

What they found follows exactly what the anthropologists have told us and the molecular geneticists who have analyzed the human genome have told us about where humans originated and how they spread across the planet.

The evolutionary tree for modern humans is a melting pot because of interbreeding among early hominins. The ancestors of modern humans and Neanderthals diverged maybe some 500,000 years ago.

The oldest known human DNA found yet reveals human evolution was even more confusing than once thought. Results indicate that not only did Denisovans and Neanderthals interbreed with modern Homo sapiens, but they also mated with an unidentified fourth hominin group, which dates back some 400,000 years and may belong to an unknown human ancestor.

This fourth unidentified hominin group could have come from Asia, but that has not yet been made certain. The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found yet date back to about 200,000 years ago in Africa and 160,000 years old skulls of anatomically modern humans have been uncovered in Ethiopia.

Our species is the result of mixing between numerous early human populations across a vast area and genetic variance across present-day populations in southern Africa, which suggests that in Africa there is no single place from which all modern humans emerged.

Genetic evidence of one group that survives to this day is the click-speaking Khoe-San of the Kalahari and was one of the earliest to separate from the rest of humanity, at least 100,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence and genetic data suggest that modern humans rapidly migrated out of Africa and then into Southeast Asia by at least 60,000 years ago.

However, the divergences within the Khoe-San themselves, with the Namibean and Angolan groups in the North separated from those in South Africa as early as 40,000 to 25,000 years ago and humans have not had a close relative hominids on this planet for over 10,000 years.

References

(1) Heaven, D. (2012). Genetic study finds complexity in cradle of humanity. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22293-genetic-study-finds-complexity-in-cradle-of-humanity.html#.VG2AuYvF_Lm

(2) Hamill, H. (2013). Humans all come from Africa: Herpes does not lie. Retrieved from http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/10/22/early_human_beings_loved_snogging_as_much_as_us/

(3) Daily Mail Reporter (2012). Genetic study challenges theory that modern humans came from just one place in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2207097/Genetic-study-challenges-theory-modern-humans-came-just-place-Africa.html

(4) Choi, C.Q. (2013). Oldest human DNA reveals mysterious branch of humanity. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/41679-oldest-human-dna-reveals-mysterious-homnid.html

(5) Choi, C.Q. (2012). New primate fossil points to ‘Out of Asia’ theory. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/20738-primate-fossil-origins-asia.html

(6) Science Daily (2012). Hominidae. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/h/hominidae.htm

(7) Choi, C. (2012). Oldest bones from modern humans in Asia discovered. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/22529-oldest-bones-modern-humans-asia.html

(8) Sanders, R. (2003). 160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans. Retrieved from http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/06/11_idaltu.shtml

(9) Winter, L. (2013). Interbreeding among early hominins. Retrieved from http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/interbreeding-among-early-hominins

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Pre-Animism: Portable Rock Art

“Ancient Art History Lecture”

Pre-Animism: “animistic superstitionism”, I surmise, leads to the animistic somethingism, or animistic supernaturalism is presented in today’s religions and is a representation of general Animism that is at least 100,00 years old.

Rock Art Museum’s, Art Collection as well as their take on animism: Link

Here is Rock Art Museum’s, main gallery is here Link

Pre-animism: Anthropology; “A stage of religious development supposed to have preceded animism, in which material objects were believed to contain spiritual energy.” ref

“Primal Religion (Pre-Animism/Animism?)” or at least burial and thoughts of an afterlife may have been transferred from Neanderthals to arcane humans when they bread with them. Neanderthals, also interbred with Homo erectus, the “upright walking man,” Homo habilis, the “tool-using man,” and possibly others which means they could have possibly learned some pre-animism ideas from one of them like that expressed in portable anthropomorphic art that could have related to so kind of ancestor veneration as well. ref

The earliest European hominin crania associated with Acheulean handaxes are at the sites of Arago, Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos, and Swanscombe, dating to around 500,000 to 400,000 years ago. The Atapuerca fossils and the Swanscombe cranium belong to the Neandertal clade, whereas the Arago hominins have been attributed to an incipient stage of Neandertal evolution, to Homo heidelbergensis, or to a subspecies of Homo erectus A recently discovered cranium (Aroeira 3) from the Gruta da Aroeira (Almonda karst system, Portugal) dating to 436,000 to 390,000 years ago provides important evidence on the earliest European Acheulean-bearing hominins as well as could show a transfer of ideas. ref

Homo erectus, the “upright walking man,” Lived: Between about 1.89 million and 143,000 years ago, whereas, early African Homo erectus fossils (sometimes called Homo ergaster) are the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like. The earliest evidence of hearths (campfires) occur during the time range of Homo erectus. While we have evidence that hearths were used for cooking (and probably sharing) food, they are likely to have been places for social interaction, and also used for warmth and to keep away large predators, possibly even relating to Primal Religion “Pre-Animism, which may have included Fire Sacralizing and/or Worship. ref

Did Neanderthals teach us “Primal Religion (Pre-Animism/Animism?)” 120,000 Years Ago?

Neanderthals used fire 400,000 years ago and there is evidence of a 300,000-year-old ‘campfire’ from  Israel not that surprising after our human ancestors controlled fire from 1.5 million to 300,000 years ago and beyond. The benefits of fire are not only to cook food and fend off predators, but also extended their day and added to the community by how a fire in the middle of the darkness mellows and also flames excite people, possibly inspiring pre-animism’s “animistic superstitionism.” Sun-worshipping baboons rise early to catch the African sunrise and race each other to the top for the best spots. Thus, we may rightly ponder how much did fireside tales aid to the socio-cultural-religious transformations or evolution. In the dark under flickering lights both above and below, was the scene a mix of wonder, fear, and mystery that superstition was expanded and religion further imagined? It would seem that superstition was expanded and religion further imagined because both heavenly lights and flickering fire have been sacralized. Which does seem to be somewhat supported by a researcher who spent 40 years studying African Bushmen who gathered evidence of the importance of gathering around a nighttime campfire might be a universally applicable time for bonding, social information, many shared emotions, in fireside tales if we can ascertain a correlation that our prehistoric ancestors likely lived in a similar way to how the Bushmen current do. Although, we cannot directly peer into the past, or fully know the past from the indigenous Bushmen, these people do live in a way that our ancient ancestors lived for around 99% of our evolution. Therefore, we can somewhat draw some reasonable parallels such as how daytime conversations focused mainly on social relationships with only a small percentage of stories, whereas the evening conversations around campfires centered on storytelling, especially the adding of stories about the spirit world adding possible credence to the thinking that nighttime and its darkness full of fear and or wonder in the flickering lights of fireside allows for more mystical thinking and the tales such an environment can produce which could have aided in socio-cultural-religious transformations or evolution. The importance of water and fire can be a set of hidden factors to human evolution and socio-cultural-religious transformations and involved in many religious themes; lingering primitive animism still seen in current religions. Fire as sacred or magic can be seen in consuming fire, volcanos/lightning as gods power/vengeance, holy fire, fire as a means of transformation or magical purification or just a magical being itself as well as used in fire worship/worshiping the sun or punishment (hell: lake of  fire which could be seen as mixing fire and water if only symbolically) used in ceremonies like bonfires, eternal flames, or sacred candles/incense/lights/lamps are in one form or another incorporated in many faiths such as judaism, christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism, sikhism, bahaism, shintoism, taoism, etc. All this worship of fire/sun are hardly special certain primates worship thunderstorms, others fire or sunrises. We have forgotten how nature worship, animistic superstitionism, animistic somethingism, or animistic supernatralism is presented in today’s religion. The mega religions now think they are removed from animistic superstitionism, which they have not. Their rituals, beliefs, and prayers have a connection to animism nature worship but are more hidden or stylized, such as burning candles which is worshipping fire. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref,  ref

“A fossilized upper jawbone with several teeth was found at a site called Misliya Cave in Israel, one of several prehistoric cave sites located on Mount Carmel. The jawbone and its eight accompanying teeth are between 175,000-200,000 years old, pushing back the modern human migration out of Africa by at least 50,000 years. Along with remains of modern humans found in China dating to about 80,000-100,000 years ago. This suggested that their migration occurred earlier than previously thought” ref

Animism: an approximately 100,000-year-old belief system?

160,000 – 154,000 Years Ago – Herto Bouri (Ethiopia), found a modern human skull showing defleshing consisting of cut marks with a special purpose. Thus likely symbolic behavior or mortuary ritual that is if it can be thought of as mirroring modern cultures where such post-mortem manipulation is part of mortuary practices. ref

150,000 Years Ago – (Southern Africa), found evidence that the genomes of five Khoisan hunter-gatherer ethnic groups while remaining genetically distinct all other Africans during most of the past 150,000 years might have comprised the majority of living humans. The Khoisan (also spelled Khoesaan, Khoesan or Khoe–San) are descended from two different tribes. An amalgam of the original San hunter-gatherers or Bushmen, and the later-arriving pastoral Khoi, or more specifically Khoikhoi. ref, ref,  ref

143,000 – 120,000 Years Ago – Tabun Cave (Israel), found evidence of a Neanderthal-type burial of an archaic type of human female. There is some evidence of burial in Skhul Cave 130,000 – 100,000 which may be Neanderthal-human hybrids, thought early modern humans started engaging in burial around 100,000 years ago with the Qafzeh cave burial. So one should wonder did Neanderthals teach humans religion or at least ritual burial around 120,000 – 100,000 years ago? This thinking Neanderthals Primal Religion could have come first is supported in how 250,000 years ago Neanderthals used red ochre and 230,000 years ago shows evidence of Neanderthal burial with grave goods and possibly a belief in the afterlife. While we can’t know, do I think it certainly seems to possibly be the case by 100,000 years ago, but this is just my speculation of somewhat loose but interesting evidence. Burial seems to have been and is now certainly evidence of some concern about what happened when someone died perhaps even proof of a belief that would be one of the key tenets of most religions of the world today, which is life after this one. ref, ref, ref

135,000 – 100,000 Years Ago – Skhul (Israel), found shell beads found and thought to be some of the earliest surviving forms of human adornment, suggesting that people may have collected and employed the shells symbolically. ref, ref

130,000 Years Ago – Found undisputed evidence for Neanderthals burial. The evidence seems to show modern humans and Neanderthals lived in roughly the same regions for thousands of years. There is direct evidence that humans and Neanderthals interbred. Homo sapiens interbreeding may have hypothetically also involved some transfer of ideas. The mapped Neanderthal genome found is 99.7 % identical to present-day human DNA and up to 4% of non-African humans living today share Neanderthal DNA. ref, ref, ref

130,000 – 100,000 Years Ago – Skhul Cave 1,4, and 5 (Israel), found posable evidence of funerary rituals related to death seen in nine adults and three children which have been interpreted by different scholars as either transitional between Neanderthal and anatomically modern humans or an archaic type of humans were placed in caves with wild boar jaws on the chest as well as associated with several marine shells not likely food, suggesting ornamentation symbolically as beads. Moreover, burnt flint tools and yellow-red pigments were discovered in different recipes of heated and mixed hematite and calcium phosphate to produce different colors of yellow and red. ref, ref

130,000 Years Ago – Krapina (Croatia), found at least 884 pieces of bone and teeth 198 of at least 23 Neanderthal once hypothesized as cannibalism but this assumption is considered to be refuted possibly ritual removal of the flesh, for the purpose of funerary practices, but confirmed ritual actions, at least on one of the skulls that were found in Krapina, given high probability. In addition, several hundred were stone tools and animal bones found. ref

130,000 –107,000  Years Ago – Mumbwa Caves (East Africa), found used and formed pieces of ochre. ref, ref

130,000 – 70,000 Years Ago – Blombos Cave (South Africa), found thousands of pieces of ochre some of which are seemingly artistically engraved, and ochre stained bone tools and ochre stained shell beads. 70,000 years ago – Blombos Cave (South Africa), found two pieces of ochre deliberately engraved with abstract geometric patterns could be portable objects that are symbolic or ritual, if so, then they would traditionally be associated with cognitive complexity. Also found ochre processing kits and several bone tools, including awls, bone points some of which are polished, and an engraved fragment of mammal bone. The awls may have been used to pierce shell beads, such as, 70 marine shell beads. The bone points which may have been used as projectile points, but being polished removes only function and seems to hold an aesthetic quality possibly part of some cultural or social exchange, perhaps similar to the stone point exchange systems observed occurrences. ref, ref

126,000 – 70,000 Years Ago – (southern China), found evidence humans from Africa were in southern China at Luna Cave in Guangxi dated to more than 70,000 years old, and a maximum age of 126,000 years old. and another from a sight in Daoxian the nearby region where in the Fuyan Cave was found evidence of humans is dated to more than 80,000 years old, and a maximum age of 120,000 years old. ref, ref

120,000 Years Ago – (southeastern France), found cut marks and smashed bones fragments confirmed Neandertals cannibalism but was it part of some ritual, well, it involved six individuals each set relatively the same age: two adults, two teenagers, and two children and we must wonder is this a snapshot in death mirroring stages in life? The odd part is if it is not ritual because Neanderthals seem to systemically practice intentional burial and rather than practicing in ritual cannibalism. There were No teeth marks on the bones and No signs of charring as would be seen if cooked in a fire either. This would seem to suggest the flesh was either eaten raw, which is unlikely, or cooked off the bone. Then we must wonder why not cook on the bone or also cook the bones too, which would seem more common such as when animals are utilized for food. This could of course be just cannibalism for food but it could also be understood or interpreted as ritual killing, sacrifice, possibly ritual cannibalism. Moreover, cannibalism simply for survival seems highly unlikely, because of the abundance of natural resources. ref

120,000 – 100,000 Years Ago – (Africa), found evidence that human hunter-gatherers managed food resources as well as harvesting them. In addition, there is increasing evidence of art and more developed ritualizing use of red ochre, possibly as a body decoration, paint, and burial rituals. The early implications of burial rituals imply minds complex enough for conceiving of an abstract such as ‘afterlife’, evident in growing ritualistic or symbolic treatment of the dead. ref, ref

120,000 – 80,000 Years Ago – Daoxian (China), found evidence from a cave of modern human teeth which reveals that migrating individuals made it as far as China after migrating first out of Africa through the Middle East. ref, ref

110,000 – 100,000 Years Ago – (Near East), found gene flow evidence that early modern humans in Africa met and interbred, possibly in the Near East with ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains. The Altai Mountains are a range in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together. ref, ref, ref

Primal Early Human Religion

Around 100,000 Years Ago – at least six different species of hominids existed at the same time lightly interacting, some inbreeding, and possibly sharing technology and ritual or symbolic beliefs or behaviors. Most estimates for when the first early religion formed hold from the evidence that it must predate 50,000 years ago, as this is when humanity dispersed from Africa to populate the remainder of the world and taking with them their shared superstitions, supernaturalism, and rituals. It is unlikely for religious practices with such similarities, such as “red ochre sacred use” to have emerged on each continent separately, some could but others would seem to point to connection as ritual or symbolic beliefs take away attention from survival. (71) & (72)

There is hardly a culture recorded in human history that has not practiced some form of religion but as we look back at this connected set of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure belief strains of fear control addiction has a somewhat common, if forgotten origins just like languages. Language is likely connected or largely helped spread myth ideas even if a continuous thread of continuity is somewhat difficult. What we can say is between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, a mutation in a gene called FOXP2 links to language as well as in control of the face and mouth. This gene is a slightly altered version of a gene found in apes. Though the FOXP2 gene helps to see a possible starting point for language, it would be oversimplified to call it a complete ‘language gene’ but it does add to language evolution. Speaking of the origins of languages there is some disagreements but a seeming relationship of language around the world seems to suggest a theory that speech evolved at least 100,000 years ago in central or southern Africa. An evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals and this could have assisted in the distribution spread of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure of religious thinking and contributed to diversity in its evolutionary framework. Why this is important is because, before language, the sharing of religious ideas would have been very difficult to transfer. To me to understand this is to conceive of religion is like a container with a label on it, a set of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure thinking is the thing inside. There is no gene, which can create uniformity in belief, and religions all over the world are invariably tied to lifestyle so as people move from nomadic to sedentary, from chiefdoms to city-state, from hunters to agriculturist religion evolved to suit. Likewise, cultures are not destroyed by new faiths but they are more often modified to accommodate the tenants of the new religion. One site of relevance in the of origins of religion is in South Africa’s Border Cave in the Lebombo Mountains, which contained several burials about 100,000 years old. In Border Cave, the greatest symbolic prehistoric religious relevance is that out of the several burials, the only child was buried in a ritual way, covered in red ochre. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref

Moreover, in South Africa, finds dating to between 80,000 and 70,000 years of a monolith “python stone” (serpent/snake goddess) demonstrate that ancient African Homo sapiens’ development of religious practices. The fact of such as snake veneration, worship, or sacridizing may seem amazing until you realize it is not limited to human but also seems to be evident to some extent in some primates with snakes, particularly pythons seem of special almost animistic magical curiosity to chimpanzees. Similarly, of special occurrence in South Africa, is the oldest known counting device (the Lebombo Bone)  which have been used as a lunar phase counter and prehistoric African women may have been the first mathematicians to keep track of menstrual cycles that requires a lunar calendar which shows an evolving higher-level thinking. ref, ref, ref

Likewise, in South Africa, there were prehistoric mining operations in the Lebombo Mountains involving thousands of miners and numerous large-scale prehistoric mines, mining tunnels, and quarries. One of the largest sites in use for thousands of years showed the removal of over 2 million pounds of red ochre ore. In all cases, these excavations had been painstakingly refilled when abandoned. Grasping the reason why, maybe understood in how the modern Swazi people in South Africa still in-fill such mines believing it placates the Earth spirits, especially the great plumed serpent (earth tunnel). ref, ref

100,000 Years Ago – Qafzeh cave (Israel), found the burial site of 15 early modern humans stained with red ochre and grave goods, 71 pieces of red ocher, and red ocher-stained stone tools near the bones suggest ritual or symbolic use, as well as seashells with traces of being strung, and a few also had ochre stains which may also suggest ritual or symbolic use. Likewise, a wild boar jaw was found placed in the arms of one of the skeletons. Also, found evidence a child around the age of 12 at death survived for several years after suffering blunt-force trauma at the front of the head requiring extensive care, as the child would not have been able to care for itself. Care for disabled and thoughtful grave objects left in the child’s burial pit suggest human compassion and altruism (good without and before god) are biopsychosocial human characteristics not a result of religion. Only after 100,000 years ago did modern human burials become more frequent. Could this seemingly new practice of barrel among early modern humans with the use of red ochre be in some way connected or influenced by the meeting, interbreeding, and possible idea sharing with the Neanderthal ancestors of the Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains of Central Asia around 100,000 years ago possibly in the Near East, maybe even in Israel or some other part of the with the Levant? Well to me it sounds like a real possibility that Neanderthals may have directly taught or indirectly been observed thus in a way are responsible candidates for possibly teaching humans the beginnings of religion, or at least superstitionism/supernaturalism seen in the act of doing burial and the ritual and seemingly sacralized use of red ocher around 100,000 years ago. This thinking Neanderthals religion could have come first is supported in how 250,000 years ago Neanderthals used red ochre and 230,000 years ago shows evidence of Neanderthal burial with grave goods and possibly a belief in the afterlife. I hear it said you, “Atheists” cannot be good without god! I fully reject this view that one cannot be good without the mythic god concept. I am godless and it is our connected and shared awareness of humanity that we care. If you are doing good, only because you are following what you think you are told to or out of threats from others in power or gods about rejection, or hell, is that truly doing good because it is good anyway? Likewise, doing bad is often motivated or excused by others in power or gods. When not doing bad should instead be contingent on one’s application of moral reasoning and empathetic thoughtfulness of others, not because you are following what you think you are told to or out of threats from others in power or gods. What I am saying is that now you can see the reasoning provided, can you not see that what is needed is our humanity, and that is the reason why we care to do good. It hardly is due to some lack of a god myth, since the act of “god fearing” itself can, thus be seen as an actual act of doing bad all the time and a threat to our aware humanity and our truly doing good. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref

100,000 – 50,000 Years Ago – Signs of increased ritual or symbolic use of red ochre at several sites. Red ochre is a common traits appearing in burials, non-mortuary ritual or symbolic context, and non-ritual context. However, most importantly red ochre is thought to have played an important role in early religious rituals. The color red could be a symbol of transformation from this life to an afterlife or from the mundane to the sacred, as it was used in burials, grave goods and for painting the Venus figurines. ref, ref, ref

90,000 Years Ago – (Africa), found evidence of humans making symbolic paintings and ritual or symbolic uses involving red ochre. Neanderthals living in Europe and the Near East at this time were also involved in a ritual or symbolic use of red ochre as well as what seems like early religion possibly involving animal totems, such as the cave bear cult and what may have been a death cult involving several Neanderthal cave sites burials in fetal positions frequently stained with red ochre which must have had a sacred quality of some kind connected to its use. ref, ref, ref, ref

86,000 – 24,500 Years Ago – Found evidence that Neanderthals (distinct species from humans) and modern humans inbreed exchanging genes and likely shared technology and religious ideas too. 40,000 – 30,000 years ago, in northern Italy, remains are believed to be that of a Neanderthal-Modern Human hybrid. Moreover, 24,500 years ago, another burial of a juvenile Neanderthal-Modern Human hybrid (the Lapedo child) from central Portugal whose burial involved red ochre and bones of red deer. All non-Africans today have Neanderthal gene fragments in their genetic codes. This is important because of the seeming Neanderthals shared some religious practice of using red ochre with religious and afterlife symbolism with modern humans and the s likely shared more than genes but also could have shared religious ideas too. Similar and more interesting are the non-humans inbreeding with Denisovans and most likely spreading other things such as sacralizing, ritualizing, and supernatural beliefs too but as of yet there is just my speculation. Denisovans, a cousins to Neanderthals, lived in Asia from roughly 400,000 to possibly 30,000 years ago and also interbred with both Neanderthals and modern humans, with their DNA spreading from the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together all the way to Papua New Guinea. A-DNA analysis from Papua New Guinea shows they hold 4.8% Denisovan DNA. Moreover, by 26,000 years ago, almost all diversity of the hominids vanished and humans everywhere had evolved into the anatomically and behaviorally to roughly the modern form we know today. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref

Stone Snake of South Africa: “first human worship” 70,000 years ago

40,000 years ago “first seeming use of a Totem” ancestor, animal, and possible pre-goddess worship?

Gobekli Tepe: “first human-made temple” 13,000 years ago

Catal Huyuk “first religious designed city” 10,000 years ago

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Philosophy to the Rescue: explaining Reason, Logic, Evidence, Truth, Certainty, Reality, and Science

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

My best Video talking about My thoughts on “Religion and Deity Evolution” with Questions and Answers

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope (Said as “At” “Hope”)/(Autodidact Polymath but not good at math):

Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist, Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Jeweler, Poet, “autodidact” Philosopher, schooled in Psychology, and “autodidact” Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Pre-Historian (Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago). I am an anarchist socialist politically. Reasons for or Types of Atheism

My Website, My Blog, & Short-writing or Quotes, My YouTube, Twitter: @AthopeMarie, and My Email: damien.marie.athope@gmail.com