Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

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Peopling of the Americas: main migration routes into North America from Asia

First, likely by the sea route, sometime between possibly around 30,000 years ago or so to at least 14,700 years ago. Then once glaciers receded, the land route by around 12,600 years ago. Two main ancient populations into North America from Asia diverged from one another 18,000 to 15,000 years ago remained apart for millennia before mixing again before or during their expansion to the southern continent as most Native Americans, derived from one ancestry related to the Clovis people, who lived about 13,000 years ago. ref, ref

The peopling of the Americas involved two main human migration routes into North America from Asia (Siberia). First, likely by the sea route, sometime between possibly around 30,000 years ago or so to at least 14,700 years ago. Then once glaciers receded, the land route by around 12,600 years ago. ref

“Two main ancient populations into North America from Asia diverged from one another 18,000 to 15,000 years ago remained apart for millennia before mixing again before or during their expansion to the southern continent as most Native Americans, derived from one ancestry related to the Clovis people, who lived about 13,000 years ago.” ref

“The DNA from two 31,000-year-old milk teeth found at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site in Siberia, Russia led to the discovery of a new previously unknown ethnic group living in Siberia during last Ice Age, Ancient North Siberians. The finding was part of a wider study, which also discovered 10,000-year-old human remains in another site in Siberia are genetically related to Native Americans – the first time such close genetic links have been discovered outside of America. They adapted to extreme environments very quickly and were highly mobile. These findings have changed a lot of what we thought we knew about the population history of northeastern Siberia but also what we know about the history of human migration as a whole. Researchers estimate that the population numbers at the site would have been around 40 people with a wider population of around 500. Genetic analysis of the milk teeth also revealed no evidence of inbreeding which was occurring in the declining Neanderthal populations at the time. The complex population dynamics during this period and genetic comparisons to other people groups, both ancient and recent, are documented as part of the wider study which analyzed 34 samples of human genomes found in ancient archaeological sites across northern Siberia and central Russia. Remarkably, the Ancient North Siberians people are more closely related to Europeans than Asians and seem to have migrated all the way from Western Eurasia soon after the divergence between Europeans and Asians. The Ancient North Siberians generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary people who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas – providing the ‘missing link’ of understanding the genetics of Native American ancestry. It is widely accepted that humans first made their way to the Americas from Siberia into Alaska via a land bridge spanning the Bering Strait which was submerged at the end of the last Ice Age. The researchers were able to pinpoint some of these ancestors as Asian people groups who mixed with the Ancient North Siberians. This discovery was based on the DNA analysis of a 10,000-year-old male remains found at a site near the Kolyma River in Siberia. The individual derives his ancestry from a mixture of Ancient North Siberian DNA and East Asian DNA, which is very similar to that found in Native Americans. The remains are genetically very close to the ancestors of Paleo-Siberian speakers and close to the ancestors of Native Americans. It is an important piece in the puzzle of understanding the ancestry of Native Americans as you can see the Kolyma signature in the Native Americans and Paleo-Siberians. This individual is the missing link of Native American ancestry.” ref 

Yana Rhinoceros Horn: 

“Far northeastern Siberia has been occupied by humans for more than 40 thousand years. Yet, owing to a scarcity of early archaeological sites and human remains, its population history and relationship to ancient and modern populations across Eurasia and the Americas are poorly understood. Here, we analyze 34 ancient genome sequences, including two from fragmented milk teeth found at the ~31,600-year-old Yana RHS site, the earliest and northernmost Pleistocene human remains found. These genomes reveal complex patterns of past population admixture and replacement events throughout northeastern Siberia, with evidence for at least three large-scale human migrations into the region. The first inhabitants, a previously unknown population of “Ancient North Siberians”, represented by Yana RHS, diverged ~38,000-year-old from Western Eurasians, soon after the latter split from East Asians. Between 20,000 to 11,000 years ago, the Ancient North Siberians population was largely replaced by peoples with ancestry related to present-day East Asians, giving rise to ancestral Native Americans and “Ancient Paleosiberians”, represented by a 9,800 years old skeleton from Kolyma River. Ancient Paleosiberians are closely related to the Siberian ancestors of Native Americans, and ancestral to contemporary communities such as Koryaks and Itelmen. Paleoclimatic modeling shows evidence for a refuge during the last glacial maximum in southeastern Beringia, suggesting Beringia as a possible location for the admixture forming both ancestral Native Americans and Ancient Paleosiberians. Between 11,000 to 4,000 years ago, Ancient Paleosiberians were in turn largely replaced by another group of peoples with ancestry from East Asia, the “Neosiberians” from which many contemporary Siberians derive. We detect gene flow events in both directions across the Bering Strait during this time, influencing the genetic composition of Inuit, as well as Na Dene-speaking Northern Native Americans, whose Siberian-related ancestry components is closely related to Ancient Paleosiberians. Our analyses reveal that the population history of northeastern Siberia was highly dynamic throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The pattern observed in northeastern Siberia, with earlier, once widespread populations being replaced by distinct peoples, seems to have taken place across northern Eurasia, as far west as Scandinavia.” ref

“At the time of the Yana occupation, much of the high latitudes on the Earth were in the grip of an ice age that sent glaciers creeping over much of what is now Europe, Canada, and the northern United States. But the Yana River area was ice-free, a dry flood plain without glaciers as well as abundant with game animals, thus lots of food and not stark tundra as one might imagine. It was home to mammoth, horse, musk ox and other animals that provided food for the human hunters who braved Arctic blasts to live there. Among the artifacts found at the Yana site were weapons that resembled some found at a Clovis, N.M., site dated around 11,000 years old though such evidence is weak linking those implements to the tool and weapon techniques used by the Clovis people because similar artifacts have also been found in Europe and western Asia.” ref

Bluefish Caves:

“A flaked mammoth bone core and its refitted flake from Bluefish Cave II dated at around 24,070-years-old.  Bluefish Caves (I, II, and III) overlook the middle course of Bluefish River, which flows north out of the Keele Range. The three small cavities, floor deposits comprise four sedimentary units as follows (from bottom to top). Unit A – frost spalled and lag-covered bedrock. Unit B – beginning before 33,570 years ago a series of three windblown silt (loess) layers were deposited. Bones of fish, birds, small and large mammals of the Late Pleistocene “Mammoth Fauna”, are preserved within Unit B, and in Caves I and II, the unit contained stone artifacts and altered bones reflecting butchering, bone-tool production, and bone flaking. A shift from dry, herbaceous steppe-tundra to moist shrub-tundra seems about 13,570 years ago. Unit C – thick, humus-rich sediment, incorporating rockfall, suggests a wetter boreal forest environment beginning about 10,000 years ago. Unit D – modern humus, litter, and vegetation. No cultural material is known from Units C and D, except for a probably intrusive microblade core recovered from Unit C. Exotic, high-quality chert stone tool artifacts, medium to large-sized herbivores, and carnivores. The rest of the mammals of Bluefish Caves round out what is one of the most important Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages found together in situ in Canada. These represent the now-extinct Mammoth Fauna community which has been described based on fossils across Beringia, from Siberia to Yukon. This diverse Pleistocene community contrasts sharply with the limited array of large mammals found at northern latitudes through the Holocene and present-day. Together, mammals such as the saiga antelope, tundra muskox, and Yukon horse suggest prevailing dry, cold steppe conditions during the last glaciation. Cutmarks and evidence of human-modified bone indicate this fauna was important to Late Pleistocene people of Bluefish Caves. Ice age vertebrates from Bluefish Caves comprise 4 fish species, 1 amphibian species, at least 23 bird species; and 35 mammal species. Evidently most of these vertebrates lived in grassy tundra surroundings. Two independent studies, one based on Yukon horse bones and the other on bird bones, support the idea that during the Last Glacial Maximum the Bluefish Caves environment was a diverse, productive ecosystem. Humans occupied the Bluefish Caves area as early as 25,000 years ago.” ref

Toca da Tira Peia:

“Toca da Tira Peia is a rock shelter site, located in the municipality Coronel José DiasPiauí state, near the Serra da Capivara National ParkBrazil, thought to hold evidence of the prehistoric human presence in South America dating to 22,000 years ago. There are four well-preserved sediment layers, the youngest of which dates to 4,070 years ago. 113 knapped stone tools and artifacts have been recovered. Digging turned up 113 stone artifacts consisting of tools and tool debris in five soil layers. Using a technique that measures natural radiation damage in excavated quartz grains, the scientists estimated that the last exposure of soil to sunlight ranged from about 4,000 years ago in the top layer to 22,000 years ago in the third layer.” ref

Monte Verde:

“Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile consisting of stone artifacts, faunal remains, and burned areas suggests discrete horizons of ephemeral human activity dated between at least ~18,570 and 14,570 years ago. Based on multiple lines of evidence, including sedimentary proxies and artifact analysis, we present the probable anthropogenic origins and wider implications of this evidence. In a non-glacial cold climate environment of the south-central Andes, which is challenging for human occupation and for the preservation of hunter-gatherer sites, these horizons provide insight into an earlier context of late Pleistocene human behavior in northern Patagonia. Data suggest that people might have been in South America before 15,000 years ago, were highly mobile, and seasonally adapted to a wide variety of environments, including cold non-glacial environments. Previous work at Monte Verde revealed one valid human site (MV-II) dated ~14,570 years ago and adapted to a cool, temperate rainforest and an older possible cultural horizon (MV-I) associated with a cold, non-glacial environment. MV-II is a campsite buried in the north terrace of Chinchihuapi Creek, which formed around 15,0570 years ago, and associated with the remains of a long tent-like dwelling, the foundation of another structure, hearths, human footprints, economic plants, and wood, reed, bone, and stone artifacts. Although bifacial projectile points, flaked debitage, and grinding stones were recovered, most lithic tools were edge-trimmed pebble flakes and sling and grooved bola stones. Also investigated previously was the Chinchihuapi site, represented by two distinct localities (CH-I and CH-II) located on the south side of the present-day creek ~500 m upstream from MV-II. Although only preliminarily investigated, it also dated ~14,5570 years ago and yielded a few burned areas and fragments of scorched animal bone directly associated with a few pebble flakes similar to those recovered at MV-II. MV-I dated ~33,0570 years ago and initially defined by scattered occurrences of three clay-lined, possible culturally-produced burned areas and twenty-six stones, at least six of which suggest modification by humans. This prior archaeological evidence from MV-I was too meager and too laterally discontinuous to falsify or verify its archaeological validity. Previous research did not record any cultural material in strata spanning the multi-millennia time period between the MV-I and MV-II sites.” ref

 

12,000 – 7,000 Years Ago – Paleo-Indian Culture (The Americas)

First let me explain the classification of Pre-Paleoindians/Paleoamericans, which loosely refers to the first peoples who started to inhabit the Americas. To me, it seems Siberian is the general origin of native Americans and by around 11,000 years ago, the land bridge “Beringia” from Asia by way of Siberia in Russia over to Alaska in the Americas, which the Paleoindians had crossed over on, finally flooded over by rising sea levels and was submerged. Beringia is a land bridge encompassing the area of what is now the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Sea, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia as well as Alaska in the United States. These early Siberian Paleoindians seemingly first settled in Siberia especially in southern areas around 12,000 years ago.

However, these early Siberian Pre-Paleoindians maybe a part of the first nomadic peoples who entered Siberia about 50,000 years ago. Of note, the ability for human and animal population movements in such northern regions was assisted by the fact that neither Wrangel Island which separated from Russian about 12,000 years ago due to sea level rise, nor the East Siberian, as well as the Chukchi Seas, stopped having extreme glaciation after 64,000 years ago. The Bering Strait area “Beringia” from around 60,000 to 30,000 had an intermittent land bridge and sometime roughly around 30,000 to 11,000 there is a land bridge that could have allowed crossing into the Americas. Some have theorized that roaming nomadic peoples who entered Siberia about 50,000 years ago and there is evidence of humans in the Yana River region in the Arctic far northern Siberian with evidence of habitation possibly as early as 30,000 years ago, though it was about 1,200 miles from the Bering Strait. This northern Siberian culture found at the Yana settlement has been thought to possibly share some stylistic similarities with Clovis culture found earliest in America. These roaming nomadic peoples who entered Siberia could have started venturing into the Americas as far back as possibly sometime as far back as 40,000 to 11,000 years ago coinciding with a claimant as the last glacial period ended about 11,700 years ago with warming in parts of Beringia from 15,000 years ago. Furthermore, the scientific evidence also demonstrates strong links from indigenous peoples of Americans to the peoples of eastern Siberia.

However, there is one interesting to note is how it seems the common Clovis stone tools where very different from Siberian ones around the same time. Siberian style generally involved ivory points with a blade whereas Clovis style roughly around 13,500 to 12,800 years ago, generally involved highly refined thin points. While the sites in North America are surprising an amazing set of sites are in South America that are older than one would think, such as Monte Verde in southern Chile, which was about 8,000 miles south of the Bering Strait Land Bridge access. Moreover, this southern Chile set of Paleoamericans which obviously pre-dates the Clovis culture has been dated to as early as 18,500 and possibly as much as 33,000 years old, though the average age is 14,800 years ago. These Chilean Pre-Paleoamericans did utilize mastodons though these people were marine resources adapted hunter-gatherer-fishermen, and not really big hunters as much as was common with the Clovis Paleoamericans, who are generally considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas.

To me, this demonstrates the signs of sedatism adaption to one’s local resources availability. Thus, this means heightened changes in food attainment practices, which often alters superstition patterns, do to resources or conditional environment patterns, factors, places or things. Another amazing South America site is the site of Pedra Furada in Brazil with early dates that seem to be at least 29,000 years old. However, Pedra Furada’s rock art dates to around 12,000 years ago which may be a sign of some new wave of peoples and its art depictions seem to demonstrate spearthrowers and traps as the utilized hunting medium, though the stone tools found generally lacked elaborate design such as was common with the Clovis Paleoamericans. Toca da Tira Peia also in Brazil dates to around 22,000 years ago. Although, North America also has a site at Topper in South Carolina dated to around 16,000 to 20,000 years. 150,000 artifacts near at the Gault Archaeological Site near Killeen, Texas.  estimates that these artifacts could be 16,000-20,000 years old, which would put them at about 3,000 years older than any Clovis artifact.

The Central American land bridge a vital band bridge that connects North and South America and has evidence of domesticated crops sometime between 9000 and 7000 years ago. Therefore, we can easily see these early Paleoindians have a widespread in the Americas even by 12,000 years ago. Furthermore, these Paleoamericans became the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Native peoples to the Americas hold the genetics of two very distinctive types. One of these distinctive genetic types expresses connections to the first Asian peoples who started to inhabit the Americas, and the other was relatively connected to distinctive genetic types from when Europeans arrived in the Americas. From Alaska, these Paleoindians spread to North America eventually reaching South America. Possibly, the earliest evidence of these Paleoindians in Alaska is found at the Tanana Valley sites such as, Swan Point which was occupied at least five times and could be as old as 14,000 years ago. At least three distinct stone tool types also have been found in Alaskan starting between 12,060 to 11,660 years ago and may represent separate cultures. Moreover, some of the oldest cultural evidence appear in Alaskan between 11,660 to 10,000 years ago including the use of red ochre, possibly ceremonially. Point in fact, is an 11,500 years old burial of infants, which were found at the Tanana River site containing grave offerings like decorated stone weapons. In all three infants were found, appearing to have died relatively about the same time, one was a partly cremated toddler, as well as a dual burial of a child who may have died soon after birth, and another who was possibly stillborn. The dual burial children were buried alongside stone spearheads with antler handles with geometric designs for decoration possibly involving Totemism; meaning “brother-sister kin” is frequently associated with shamanistic religions and indigenous tribal populations. Totemism loosely involves mystical thinking/relationship with the spirits of animals, plants, or natural spaces/things/forces through the veneration of sacred objects called totems, which may help explain the mythical origin of the concepts of a clan to the earth and the living things in it and the reasons there are taboo).

This inside of Totemism is important as most of the beliefs seen in the indigenous peoples of Canada and America can be said to involve the religious beliefs of Totemism. And to me there are some similarities between the shamanistic burials at Tanana River site tributary of the Yukon River in Alaska in America with its dual child burial containing spears with geometric designs and red ochre to Sungir western Russia described as “the most spectacular” among European Gravettian culture burials that had elaborate grave goods including ivory-beaded jewelry, Arctic clothing, and spears and red ochre that was a ritual material used in burials at this time. It has also been noticed that the beads on the man pants from Sungir seems to be reflective if pants worn by Native Peoples of some parts of northwest America. The Gravettian people’s origin seems to appear simultaneously all over Europe including Russia. Like their Aurignacian predecessors, they are well-known for their Venus figurines some of which may connect to a fertility rite.

And the Gravettian peoples of eastern Europe where quite religiously shamanistic which seems expressive with their Venus figures and unique burials. The Kostenkian, Kostenki-Avdeevo, and Kostenki-Streletskaya cultures are the examples of the cultures of the eastern European Gravettian. Not far from Sungir also in Russia, there is another well-known Gravettian site in western Russia at Gagarino seems to further follow this ritualistic/totemism/shamanism of the dual burial’s significance with an interesting dual head to head figurine sculptures found there, which can be interpreted to shows a woman/girl and a man/boy in a way similar to that of Sungir. The bodies are united by the heads but turned to the opposite directions. The Gravettian of Italy 35,000 – 24,000 years ago is renowned above all for its figurines and burials, one containing an equally ritually connecting two beings through this duel matching involved what seems a possibly pregnant female and a stylized zoomorphic figure that can be interpreted as a shake a possible early representation of the latter goddess and the bull myth thinking. This is not some limited religious behavior as there are various forms of the dual unity of polarity are found in other Gravettian sites of Europe. There is a French Gravettian site Venus figurine with the representation of a woman with a what looks like a bullhorn a possible early representation of the latter goddess and the bull myth thinking. Eastern Siberia cultures seemingly have a lot of things in common with the European Gravettian cultures.

Mal’ta–Buret’ culture around 24,000 to 15,000 years ago west of Lake Baikal north of the Mongolian border in south Eastern Siberia belonged to a now extinct population closely related to the genetic ancestry of Siberians, Native Americans, Kets, Mansi, Nganasans and Yukaghirs and Yamnaya peoples (Yamna culture) of the European steppe lands north of the Black Sea who have been genetically identified as began a mass migration in different directions, including Europe, about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago showing that the spread of farming was not the only large migration into Europe and explains how people from Germany, for example, are showing small percentages of Native American ancestry as they both have common ancestors from central Asia thousands of years ago. The Yamna culture very significant distributor and to some the originator of the Proto-Indo-European-Language, the now-defunct mother-tongue of European languages was primarily nomadic found in Russia also known as the Pit Grave Culture or the Ochre Grave Culture because bodies buried were covered in ochre. All this together possibly offers support for some shared religious thinking and behaviors are found between these groups. Getting back to Alaska and the Paleoamericans involves an odd fact about the child around 3-years-old was that the toddler who had been somewhat cremated inside a hearth, which was then filled then abandoned. Similarly, the cultic behavior seems evident in the fact that the two infants are not maternally related and probably female were in a pit grave covered in including all artifact surfaces are coated with red ochre and buried with funerary objects that were likely part of a weapon system.

An obsidian peace that was part of the infant burial’s grave goods that when studied shows it comes from the Hoodoo Mountain site in Yukon, Canada 370 miles away. Broken Mammoth, Alaska with a total of at least three separate occupations times and also held far off obsidian but this time it came from a Wiki Peak source, and dates to as early as 13,400 years ago. Similar such obsidian was also used at the Walker Road, Alaska site, and Moose Creek, Alaska site in the same area—all dating to before 13,000 years ago. The obsidian that comprised some of the artifacts originated from Batza Tena in northwest Alaska and from the Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve area in east Alaska. All this implies posable trade and outside group interaction. Migration may also be a factor as the two infants’ teeth seem quite similar to those of Native Americans and Northeast Asians. Likewise, there were three of the rods that appear to be similar to the rhinoceros’ horn shaft at Yana Site in northern Siberia. Likewise, the genetic lineages of these two infants are only found in the Americas. The layer with the human burials found on the American side of Beringia in Alaska is similar to those found around 12,600-year-old at level 6 of 7 layers of common cultural artifacts found. And, among the Beringian sites from the early Ushki culture at Ushki Lake, Kamchatka on the American side of Beringia is had a human burial pit dating to approximately 13,000-years-old human from layer 7. It is theorized that the Beringian populations were involved in some of the early American Paleoindian populations thus adding to the genetics among modern Native Americans. Speaking of genetic there are models predict that Paleoindian populations likely existed in isolation in Beringia several thousand years before their eventual dispersal to the Americas. Moreover, there is genetics that seems to imply a Pacific coastal migration along with ancient DNA studies that show a connection between such populations of the far west of North America, from Alaska south to Oregon.

More evidence is expressed in how stone tool points that are similar to the early Ushki points are on the Channel Islands of California which may date to around 12,000-years-old. While at Buhl, Idaho, tests on human remains associated with a prolonged point dating to around 12,600 years ago indicate a diet largely acquired from marine resources all seeming to express a coastal migration for at least some of the Americas’ founding populations. The Ushki discoveries of human burial pits from cultural layer 6 also held stone beads as well as pendants and red ochre. The Berelekh site at Yakuria, Siberia, is also worth mentioning due to its mammoth bone cemetery atone tools and ivory rod foreshafts in addition to red ocher, which may have been ritualistic in nature. It is called Ushki in Kamchatka and called Dyuktai in Yakutia and should relatively be considered a stone tool tradition containing several related cultures. In Kolyma and Chukotka, there were stone tool styles that probably developed under the influence of both the Ushki Kamchatka and the Dyuktai cultures. These cultures were also impacted by the Russian Far Eastern Ustinovka culture dating to a time similar to the Kamchatka sites and at Amur with the Selemja culture. There are also Dyuktai culture sites found on the Aldan, Olenyok, and Indigirka rivers. There seems to be some support that the Dyuktai culture existed in Siberia from 35,000 to 10,500 years ago and could be a precursor to the Clovis culture. It apereas that Modern Humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans all lived in Southern Siberia at the same time around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthal genetics found in both Asia and indigenous America appear to contain more regions of Neanderthal than populations in Europe. Denisovan genetics found in both Asia and indigenous America appears to contain about 25 times less Denisovan contributions then Papua New Guinea and Australia populations. Klyuchevskaya Sopka 60 miles from the Bering Sea is the highest point in Siberia at 15,580 ft and is also Europe’s highest active volcano which is on the Kamchatka Peninsula and vocations have always seemed to inspire myths or superstitions/supernaturalism beliefs.

A point, in fact, some indigenous peoples consider Klyuchevskaya Sopka sacred viewed as where the world was created. Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the most sacred even over other volcanoes in the region, which also hold similar spiritual significance, but Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the most sacred of these. It is said that when the god Volkov created the world, this was the point at which he held it, and so it remains unfinished, unsealed, thus the volcanic activity. Furthermore, there are some traditions that seem to regard Siberia as the possible archetypal home of shamanism, involving sacred practices considered by the tribes to be very ancient. The technological knowledge of the Dyuktai culture is seemingly evident in how it is possible that the Paleoindians inhabitants of the Aldan had knowledge of the bow in the final stage of the Dyuktai culture. The cultural remains from Layers 5 and 6 of the Ushki site seem to connect to about the time of the final stage of the Dyuktai culture. There seems to be some evidence that roaming nomadic peoples episodically appeared in Dyuktai Cave region located in the Aldan River valley of northeast Siberia at least by 16,000 to 19,000 years ago and some estimates extend it to 35,000 years. The Dyuktai Cave is among the earliest of the Diuktai culture sites with occupations lasting until possibly 12,000 years ago. The human activity in Dyuktai Cave seems to be associated with mammoth hunting with stone spear points similar in some ways to Clovis points. Also in central Alaska, there was a similar abrupt change in stone tool technology with one style overlying another. Moreover, layer 7 may also possibly connect to the Nenana culture due to similar typology and chronology. Nenana Valley site was first occupied around 11,000 years ago containing points that could suggest the Nenana culture has an ancestral connection to Clovis points found across the United States. There is also thinking that that layer 6 may correlate with part of the Dyuktai culture and could even possibly connect to the Denali culture in Alaska. Moreover, there seems that both Siberia and Alaska experienced an abrupt change from stone tool cultures and could express the second wave of migration rather than an adaptation of technology to new climatic conditions.

The collection of artifacts from Taria Bay on the Kamchatka Peninsula held potential religious significance, such as obsidian human-like/anthropomorphic figures from a pit house that appear to be similar to artifacts from around 9,000 to 7,000 years ago in the USA, England, Switzerland, and France, as well as the Volosovskaia site near Murom in western Russia. The Taria Bay finds are some of the earliest Kamchatka cultures who seem to share a genetic relationship of the Eskimo, Chukchi, Koryak, and Itel’men groups as well as other peoples of Asia and America. At the lower layers of the first Ushki site (1) held a burial pit with funeral remains in the form of a multitude of stone pendants, beads, and ornaments in two of the earliest Paleolithic settlements in the Northeast Paleoindian at level 7 and Protoeskimo-Aleut in levels 6 and 5. One of the level 6 houses held the burials of a person and a dog along with lots of different stone artifacts Kamchatka animals utilized in that region and time. Kamchatka and it’s the peoples are important in understanding their historical role in the settlement of the Americas, which is why the customs of Kamchatka’s native peoples and tribal structure is seen in the Itel’men, the Koryak, and the Ainuthe, all of which were the primary inhabitants of Kamchatka at that time. If one does not know anything about those tribes, they may see little difference between them and they do look a lot like each other, similar cultures, languages and religious beliefs. Paleoindians eventually settled in various environments, including coastal regions, forests, mountains, and swamps adapting lifestyles to surroundings. Occupation of the higher elevations of western North America is around 9,700 to 7,500 years ago living in the mountains year-round.

Paleoindians also begin to exploit a higher diversity of resources as their knowledge of the local landscape increases. Possibly the oldest Clovis site in North America is El Fin del Mundo site around 13,390 years ago in northwestern Sonora, Mexico and the Clovis culture decline genetic data shows that the Clovis people are the direct ancestors of roughly 80% of all living Native American populations in North and South America. At the Pedra Furada site in Brazil around 12,000 to10,500 years ago actually involves over 800 sites including hundreds of rock paintings dating to around 11,000 years ago. Around 11,500 years ago Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets retreat enough to allow a corridor through Canada along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. Around 11,000 years ago cultural materials can be found on the Channel Islands of California around 40 miles from Santa Barbara and in coastal Peru. Also, around 10,900 to 12,100 years ago found a number of unusual crescent-shaped tools made of chipped stone, artifacts similar to those found throughout the Great Basin. At least nine of the sites have evidence of Paleoindian occupation around 12,000 to 11,000 years ago some of the earliest on North America’s West Coast. Wizards Beach Man & Spirit Cave mummy from Nevada in America is quite interesting. The Spirit Cave remains involved two people wrapped in tules (3 to 10 ft. giant marsh plants) used as matting. One set of remains, buried deeper than the other, had been partially become mummified. Native American groups possessed tules in many ways, waving them to make baskets, bowls, mats, hats, clothing, duck decoys, canoes and even canoes.

Moreover, about 100 miles northeast from Spirit Cave on Pyramid Lake was found Wizards Beach Man. And, around 7,000 up to 12,000 years ago in southern Nevada have found nearly 20 sites used by ancient hunter-gatherers as much as 12,000 years ago. From around 12,000 to 7,000 years ago in southern Nevada, there were nearly 20 sites used by ancient hunter-gatherers the Great Basin most often found around certain kinds of land formations near water, lakes, and marshlands. Around 11,500 to 9,800 years ago in southern California, 8,830 artifacts are discovered in several layers of human occupation but most of the artifacts date to around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. Around 11,800 at Kelly Forks, Idaho with some of the earliest evidence yet of salmon cooking as well as 11,000-year-old points seem to imply freshwater resources were more important for Paleoindian hunter-gatherers than previously thought. Around 12,000 years ago evidence of occupation and bison butchering evidence dates to around 11,500-Year-Old is found at Beaver River complex with prehistoric hunting sites in a floodplain in northwestern Oklahoma along with stone tools and a small, sharp flake or Texas chert. Around 10,500 years ago in the borderlands of northern Mexico is a camp used by Paleoindian hunters revealing insights into some of the earliest human history in the Greater Southwest. A10,000 years old Paleoindian site near the Santa Maria River in northern Chihuahua, involves the grave of a 12 to a 15-years-old Paleoindian girl covered by rocks around 3,200 years ago buried in a flexed position, with no grave goods or other offerings. A 10,000-year-old Paleoindian stone tool site was found at Seattle in America.

Another Paleoindian site around 10,000 to 8,500 year ago provides evidence for bison hunting seeming to utilize of a game drive system to kill them, which may have been a new needed adaption. This may have been especially so following the extinction of mammoth, thus Bison would have then become one of the most important game for food, bones, and hides for clothing and shelter. These Paleoindian utilizing a game drive system (sometimes utilizing low rock walls ranging in shape from a U, V and parallel shapes to direct animals) that may have needed up to 25 individuals (a good portion of a clan, thus a rather communal behavior likely adding to group cohesion as well as a likely increase possibility of somewhat equal food sharing and it is not a stretch to think a ceremonial sacred clan bonding feast would soon follow at some point. Agriculture in the Americas seems to generally involve squash, as early as around 10,000 years ago, corn as early as around 9,500 years ago, and beans by no later than around 6,000 years ago. A clear Paleoindian culture in the Americas Plains existed 9,000 to 7,000 years ago. Some theorize that the rock art in Hata may be as much as up to 7,000 years old involving a giant display of large ochre-colored figures are painted on a remote wall in Utah a dynamic shamanistic seeming rock art technique connected to the Barrier Canyon Style recognized by common limbless anthropomorphic figures found throughout the Colorado Plateau.


Shamanistic rock art from central Aboriginal Siberians and Aboriginal drums in the Americas


Reference

Two ancient populations that diverged later ‘reconverged’ in the Americas

by sciencedaily.com

A new genetic study of ancient individuals in the Americas and their contemporary descendants finds that two populations that diverged from one another 18,000 to 15,000 years ago remained apart for millennia before mixing again. This historic; reconvergence; occurred before or during their expansion to the southern continent.

The study, reported in the journal Science, challenges previous research suggesting that the first people in the Americas split into northern and southern branches and that the southern branch alone gave rise to all ancient populations in Central and South America. The study shows for the first time that, deep in their genetic history, many Indigenous people in the southern continent retain at least some DNA from the “northerners” who are the direct ancestors of many Native communities living today in the Canadian east. “It was previously thought that Indigenous South Americans, and indeed most Native Americans, derived from one ancestry related to the Clovis people, who lived about 13,000 years ago,” said Cambridge University archaeology professor Toomas Kivisild, who co-led the research with University of Illinois anthropology professor Ripan Malhi. “We now find that all Native populations in North, Central and South America also draw genetic ancestry from a northern branch most closely related to Indigenous peoples of eastern Canada,” Kivisild said. “This cannot be explained by activity in the last few thousand years. It is something altogether more ancient.” “We are starting to see that previous models of ancient populations were unrealistically simple,” Malhi said. The researchers analyzed 91 ancient genomes from sites in California and Canada, along with 45 mitochondrial genomes from present-day Native individuals. The work adds to the evidence that two populations diverged 18,000 to 15,000 years ago. This would have been during or after their migration across the now-submerged land bridge from Siberia along what is now coastal Alaska, the researchers report. Ancient genomes from southwest Ontario show that after the split, Indigenous ancestors representing the northern branch migrated to the Great Lakes region. They may have followed the retreating glacial edges as the most recent ice age began to thaw, the researchers said. Populations representing the southern branch likely continued down the Pacific coast, inhabiting islands along the way, the researchers found. “The ancient Anzick child from Montana also represents the southern branch and is associated with the Clovis culture, which was once thought to be ancestral to all Native Americans,” Malhi said. “The analysis of genomes from ancient peoples from Ontario and California allowed us to identify components of the northern and southern branches in contemporary Central and South American genomes. These components were likely the result of a ‘reconvergence’ of the two branches deep in time.” “The blending of lineages occurred either in North America, prior to the expansion south, or as people migrated deeper into the southern continent, most likely following the western coast,” said Christiana Scheib, the first author of the study who conducted the work while at the University of Cambridge. “We don’t have ancient DNA to corroborate how early this northern ancestral branch arrived.” ref

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Originally written by Diana Yates.


Journal Reference:

  1. C. L. Scheib et al. Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansionScience, 2018 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6851

“The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or “Mal’ta boy”, remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Mal’ta-Buret’ culture 24,000-15,000 years ago. The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) samples (Afontova Gora 3, Mal’ta 1, and Yana-RHS) show evidence for minor gene flow from an East Asian-related group (simplified by the Amis, Han, or Tianyuan) but no evidence for ANE-related geneflow into East Asians (Amis, Han, Tianyuan), except the Ainu, of North Japan.” ref 

“The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or “Mal’ta boy”, remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Mal’ta-Buret’ culture 24,000-15,000 years ago “basal to modern-day Europeans”. Some Ancient North Eurasians also carried East Asian populations, such as Tianyuan Man.” ref

“Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were ANE at around 50% and Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) at around 75% ANE. Karelia culture: Y-DNA R1a-M417 8,400 years ago, Y-DNA J, 7,200 years ago, and Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297 7,600 years ago is closely related to ANE from Afontova Gora, 18,000 years ago around the time of blond hair first seen there.” ref 

Ancient North Eurasian

“In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (often abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestral West Eurasian component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal’ta–Buret’ culture and populations closely related to them, such as from Afontova Gora and the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site. Significant ANE ancestry are found in some modern populations, including Europeans and Native Americans.” ref 

“The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or “Mal’ta boy“, the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago in central Siberia, Ancient North Eurasians are described as a lineage “which is deeply related to Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe,” meaning that they diverged from Paleolithic Europeans a long time ago.” ref

“The ANE population has also been described as having been “basal to modern-day Europeans” but not especially related to East Asians, and is suggested to have perhaps originated in Europe or Western Asia or the Eurasian Steppe of Central Asia. However, some samples associated with Ancient North Eurasians also carried ancestry from an ancient East Asian population, such as Tianyuan Man. Sikora et al. (2019) found that the Yana RHS sample (31,600 BP) in Northern Siberia “can be modeled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians.” ref

“Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance. Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note “a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia.” The ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were found to have a noteworthy ANE component at ~50%.” ref

“According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal’ta–Buret’ people (ANE). This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago.” ref 

“Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages, such as 42% for those belonging to the Andean region in South America. The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of East Asian origin. Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal’ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.” ref

“The earliest known individual with a genetic mutation associated with blonde hair in modern Europeans is an Ancient North Eurasian female dating to around 16000 BCE from the Afontova Gora 3 site in Siberia. It has been suggested that their mythology may have included a narrative, found in both Indo-European and some Native American fables, in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife.” ref

“Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was introduced to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. It is reported in modern-day Europeans (7%–25%), but not of Europeans before the Bronze Age. Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.” ref

“The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) split from the ancestors of European peoples somewhere in the Middle East or South-central Asia, and used a northern dispersal route through Central Asia into Northern Asia and Siberia. Genetic analyses show that all ANE samples (Afontova Gora 3, Mal’ta 1, and Yana-RHS) show evidence for minor gene flow from an East Asian-related group (simplified by the Amis, Han, or Tianyuan). In contrast, no evidence for ANE-related geneflow into East Asians (Amis, Han, Tianyuan), except the Ainu, was found.” ref

“Genetic data suggests that the ANE formed during the Terminal Upper-Paleolithic (36+-1,5ka) period from a deeply European-related population, which was once widespread in Northern Eurasia, and from an early East Asian-related group, which migrated northwards into Central Asia and Siberia, merging with this deeply European-related population. These population dynamics and constant northwards geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry would later gave rise to the “Ancestral Native Americans” and Paleosiberians, which replaced the ANE as dominant population of Siberia.” ref

Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians

Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE. It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated West from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.” ref

Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) is represented by the Satsurblia individual dated ~13 kya (from the Satsurblia cave in Georgia), and carried 36% ANE-derived admixture. While the rest of their ancestry is derived from the Dzudzuana cave individual dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture, Dzudzuana affinity in the Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia.” ref

Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and later populations of EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway.” ref

“Iran Neolithic (Iran_N) individuals dated ~8.5 kya carried 50% ANE-derived admixture and 50% Dzudzuana-related admixture, marking them as different from other Near-Eastern and Anatolian Neolithics who didn’t have ANE admixture. Iran Neolithics were later replaced by Iran Chalcolithics, who were a mixture of Iran Neolithic and Near Eastern Levant Neolithic.” ref

Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago.” ref

“West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) are a specific archaeogenetic lineage, first reported in a genetic study published in Science in September 2019. WSGs were found to be of about 30% EHG ancestry, 50% ANE ancestry, and 20% to 38% East Asian ancestry.” ref

Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry.” ref

“Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal – Ust’Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.” ref

“Lake Baikal Holocene – Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% East Asian ancestry.” ref

Hokkaido Jōmon people specifically refers to the Jōmon period population of Hokkaido in northernmost Japan. Though the Jōmon people themselves descended mainly from East Asian lineages, one study found an affinity between Hokkaido Jōmon with the Northern Eurasian Yana sample (an ANE-related group, related to Mal’ta), and suggest as an explanation the possibility of minor Yana gene flow into the Hokkaido Jōmon population (as well as other possibilities). A more recent study by Cooke et al. 2021, confirmed ANE-related geneflow among the Jōmon people, partially ancestral to the Ainu people. ANE ancestry among Jōmon people is estimated at 21%, however, there is a North to South cline within the Japanese archipelago, with the highest amount of ANE ancestry in Hokkaido and Tohoku.” ref

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

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Animism: Respecting the Living World by Graham Harvey 

“How have human cultures engaged with and thought about animals, plants, rocks, clouds, and other elements in their natural surroundings? Do animals and other natural objects have a spirit or soul? What is their relationship to humans? In this new study, Graham Harvey explores current and past animistic beliefs and practices of Native Americans, Maori, Aboriginal Australians, and eco-pagans. He considers the varieties of animism found in these cultures as well as their shared desire to live respectfully within larger natural communities. Drawing on his extensive casework, Harvey also considers the linguistic, performative, ecological, and activist implications of these different animisms.” ref

My thoughts on Religion Evolution with external links for more info:

“Religion is an Evolved Product” and Yes, Religion is Like Fear Given Wings…

Atheists talk about gods and religions for the same reason doctors talk about cancer, they are looking for a cure, or a firefighter talks about fires because they burn people and they care to stop them. We atheists too often feel a need to help the victims of mental slavery, held in the bondage that is the false beliefs of gods and the conspiracy theories of reality found in religions.

“Understanding Religion Evolution: Animism, Totemism, Shamanism, Paganism & Progressed organized religion”

Understanding Religion Evolution:

“An Archaeological/Anthropological Understanding of Religion Evolution”

It seems ancient peoples had to survived amazing threats in a “dangerous universe (by superstition perceived as good and evil),” and human “immorality or imperfection of the soul” which was thought to affect the still living, leading to ancestor worship. This ancestor worship presumably led to the belief in supernatural beings, and then some of these were turned into the belief in gods. This feeble myth called gods were just a human conceived “made from nothing into something over and over, changing, again and again, taking on more as they evolve, all the while they are thought to be special,” but it is just supernatural animistic spirit-belief perceived as sacred.

 

Quick Evolution of Religion?

Pre-Animism (at least 300,000 years ago) pre-religion is a beginning that evolves into later Animism. So, Religion as we think of it, to me, all starts in a general way with Animism (Africa: 100,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in supernatural powers/spirits), then this is physically expressed in or with Totemism (Europe: 50,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in mythical relationship with powers/spirits through a totem item), which then enlists a full-time specific person to do this worship and believed interacting Shamanism (Siberia/Russia: 30,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in access and influence with spirits through ritual), and then there is the further employment of myths and gods added to all the above giving you Paganism (Turkey: 12,000 years ago) (often a lot more nature-based than most current top world religions, thus hinting to their close link to more ancient religious thinking it stems from). My hypothesis is expressed with an explanation of the building of a theatrical house (modern religions development). Progressed organized religion (Egypt: 5,000 years ago)  with CURRENT “World” RELIGIONS (after 4,000 years ago).

Historically, in large city-state societies (such as Egypt or Iraq) starting around 5,000 years ago culminated to make religion something kind of new, a sociocultural-governmental-religious monarchy, where all or at least many of the people of such large city-state societies seem familiar with and committed to the existence of “religion” as the integrated life identity package of control dynamics with a fixed closed magical doctrine, but this juggernaut integrated religion identity package of Dogmatic-Propaganda certainly did not exist or if developed to an extent it was highly limited in most smaller prehistoric societies as they seem to lack most of the strong control dynamics with a fixed closed magical doctrine (magical beliefs could be at times be added or removed). Many people just want to see developed religious dynamics everywhere even if it is not. Instead, all that is found is largely fragments until the domestication of religion.

Religions, as we think of them today, are a new fad, even if they go back to around 6,000 years in the timeline of human existence, this amounts to almost nothing when seen in the long slow evolution of religion at least around 70,000 years ago with one of the oldest ritual worship. Stone Snake of South Africa: “first human worship” 70,000 years ago. This message of how religion and gods among them are clearly a man-made thing that was developed slowly as it was invented and then implemented peace by peace discrediting them all. Which seems to be a simple point some are just not grasping how devastating to any claims of truth when we can see the lie clearly in the archeological sites.

I wish people fought as hard for the actual values as they fight for the group/clan names political or otherwise they think support values. Every amount spent on war is theft to children in need of food or the homeless kept from shelter.

Here are several of my blog posts on history:

I am not an academic. I am a revolutionary that teaches in public, in places like social media, and in the streets. I am not a leader by some title given but from my commanding leadership style of simply to start teaching everywhere to everyone, all manner of positive education. 

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

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Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

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Low Gods “Earth” or Tutelary deity and High Gods “Sky” or Supreme deity

“An Earth goddess is a deification of the Earth. Earth goddesses are often associated with the “chthonic” deities of the underworldKi and Ninhursag are Mesopotamian earth goddesses. In Greek mythology, the Earth is personified as Gaia, corresponding to Roman Terra, Indic Prithvi/Bhūmi, etc. traced to an “Earth Mother” complementary to the “Sky Father” in Proto-Indo-European religionEgyptian mythology exceptionally has a sky goddess and an Earth god.” ref

“A mother goddess is a goddess who represents or is a personification of naturemotherhoodfertilitycreationdestruction or who embodies the bounty of the Earth. When equated with the Earth or the natural world, such goddesses are sometimes referred to as Mother Earth or as the Earth Mother. In some religious traditions or movements, Heavenly Mother (also referred to as Mother in Heaven or Sky Mother) is the wife or feminine counterpart of the Sky father or God the Father.” ref

Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of patriarch within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorized as “sky father” deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a “sky father” god with an “earth mother” goddess (pairings of a sky mother with an earth father are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with “sky” not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called Queen of Heaven. Neopagans often apply it with impunity to sky goddesses from other regions who were never associated with the term historically. The sky often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky.” ref

“In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a “father”, often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of “sky father” may also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept is complementary to an “earth mother“. “Sky Father” is a direct translation of the Vedic Dyaus Pita, etymologically descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman Jupiter and Germanic Týr, Tir or Tiwaz, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity’s name, *Dyēus Ph₂tḗr. While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and Geb is the earth father).” ref

Tutelary deity

“A tutelary (also tutelar) is a deity or spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of “tutelary” expresses the concept of safety and thus of guardianship. In late Greek and Roman religion, one type of tutelary deity, the genius, functions as the personal deity or daimon of an individual from birth to death. Another form of personal tutelary spirit is the familiar spirit of European folklore.” ref

“A tutelary (also tutelar) iKorean shamanismjangseung and sotdae were placed at the edge of villages to frighten off demons. They were also worshiped as deities. Seonangshin is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the SeonangdangIn Philippine animism, Diwata or Lambana are deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians. Such as: Maria Makiling is the deity who guards Mt. Makiling and Maria Cacao and Maria Sinukuan. In Shinto, the spirits, or kami, which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped. And similarly, Native American beliefs such as Tonás, tutelary animal spirit among the Zapotec and Totems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals.” ref

“A tutelary (also tutelar) in Austronesian beliefs such as: Atua (gods and spirits of the Polynesian peoples such as the Māori or the Hawaiians), Hanitu (Bunun of Taiwan‘s term for spirit), Hyang (KawiSundaneseJavanese, and Balinese Supreme Being, in ancient Java and Bali mythology and this spiritual entity, can be either divine or ancestral), Kaitiaki (New Zealand Māori term used for the concept of guardianship, for the sky, the sea, and the land), Kawas (mythology) (divided into 6 groups: gods, ancestors, souls of the living, spirits of living things, spirits of lifeless objects, and ghosts), Tiki (Māori mythologyTiki is the first man created by either Tūmatauenga or Tāne and represents deified ancestors found in most Polynesian cultures). ” ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref

Mesopotamian Tutelary Deities can be seen as ones related to City-States 

“Historical city-states included Sumerian cities such as Uruk and UrAncient Egyptian city-states, such as Thebes and Memphis; the Phoenician cities (such as Tyre and Sidon); the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes; the city-states of ancient Greece (the poleis such as AthensSpartaThebes, and Corinth); the Roman Republic (which grew from a city-state into a vast empire); the Italian city-states from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, such as FlorenceSienaFerraraMilan (which as they grew in power began to dominate neighboring cities) and Genoa and Venice, which became powerful thalassocracies; the Mayan and other cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica (including cities such as Chichen ItzaTikalCopán and Monte Albán); the central Asian cities along the Silk Road; the city-states of the Swahili coastRagusa; states of the medieval Russian lands such as Novgorod and Pskov; and many others.” ref

“The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BCE; also known as Protoliterate period) of Mesopotamia, named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and the Sumerian civilization. City-States like Uruk and others had a patron tutelary City Deity along with a Priest-King.” ref

Chinese folk religion, both past, and present, includes myriad tutelary deities. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Lord Guan is the patron of military personnel and police, while Mazu is the patron of fishermen and sailors. Such as Tu Di Gong (Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity and Cheng Huang Gong (City God) is the guardian deity of an individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times.” ref

“A tutelary (also tutelar) in Hinduism, personal tutelary deities are known as ishta-devata, while family tutelary deities are known as Kuladevata. Gramadevata are guardian deities of villages. Devas can also be seen as tutelary. Shiva is the patron of yogis and renunciants. City goddesses include: Mumbadevi (Mumbai), Sachchika (Osian); Kuladevis include: Ambika (Porwad), and Mahalakshmi. In NorthEast India Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Manipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among which Lam Lais are the most predominant ones. Tibetan Buddhism has Yidam as a tutelary deity. Dakini is the patron of those who seek knowledge.” ref

“A tutelary (also tutelar) The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens. Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or daimonion:

You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me … . This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician.” ref

“Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to ancient Roman religion. The tutelary deity of a man was his Genius, that of a woman her Juno. In the Imperial era, the Genius of the Emperor was a focus of Imperial cult. An emperor might also adopt a major deity as his personal patron or tutelary, as Augustus did Apollo. Precedents for claiming the personal protection of a deity were established in the Republican era, when for instance the Roman dictator Sulla advertised the goddess Victory as his tutelary by holding public games (ludi) in her honor.” ref

“Each town or city had one or more tutelary deities, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege. Rome itself was protected by a goddess whose name was to be kept ritually secret on pain of death (for a supposed case, see Quintus Valerius Soranus). The Capitoline Triad of Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva were also tutelaries of Rome. The Italic towns had their own tutelary deities. Juno often had this function, as at the Latin town of Lanuvium and the Etruscan city of Veii, and was often housed in an especially grand temple on the arx (citadel) or other prominent or central location. The tutelary deity of Praeneste was Fortuna, whose oracle was renowned.” ref

“The Roman ritual of evocatio was premised on the belief that a town could be made vulnerable to military defeat if the power of its tutelary deity were diverted outside the city, perhaps by the offer of superior cult at Rome. The depiction of some goddesses such as the Magna Mater (Great Mother, or Cybele) as “tower-crowned” represents their capacity to preserve the city. A town in the provinces might adopt a deity from within the Roman religious sphere to serve as its guardian, or syncretize its own tutelary with such; for instance, a community within the civitas of the Remi in Gaul adopted Apollo as its tutelary, and at the capital of the Remi (present-day Rheims), the tutelary was Mars Camulus.” ref 

Household deity (a kind of or related to a Tutelary deity)

“A household deity is a deity or spirit that protects the home, looking after the entire household or certain key members. It has been a common belief in paganism as well as in folklore across many parts of the world. Household deities fit into two types; firstly, a specific deity – typically a goddess – often referred to as a hearth goddess or domestic goddess who is associated with the home and hearth, such as the ancient Greek Hestia.” ref

“The second type of household deities are those that are not one singular deity, but a type, or species of animistic deity, who usually have lesser powers than major deities. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as the Lares of ancient Roman religion, the Gashin of Korean shamanism, and Cofgodas of Anglo-Saxon paganism. These survived Christianisation as fairy-like creatures existing in folklore, such as the Anglo-Scottish Brownie and Slavic Domovoy.” ref

“Household deities were usually worshipped not in temples but in the home, where they would be represented by small idols (such as the teraphim of the Bible, often translated as “household gods” in Genesis 31:19 for example), amulets, paintings, or reliefs. They could also be found on domestic objects, such as cosmetic articles in the case of Tawaret. The more prosperous houses might have a small shrine to the household god(s); the lararium served this purpose in the case of the Romans. The gods would be treated as members of the family and invited to join in meals, or be given offerings of food and drink.” ref

“In many religions, both ancient and modern, a god would preside over the home. Certain species, or types, of household deities, existed. An example of this was the Roman Lares. Many European cultures retained house spirits into the modern period. Some examples of these include:

“Although the cosmic status of household deities was not as lofty as that of the Twelve Olympians or the Aesir, they were also jealous of their dignity and also had to be appeased with shrines and offerings, however humble. Because of their immediacy they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. Vestiges of their worship persisted long after Christianity and other major religions extirpated nearly every trace of the major pagan pantheons. Elements of the practice can be seen even today, with Christian accretions, where statues to various saints (such as St. Francis) protect gardens and grottos. Even the gargoyles found on older churches, could be viewed as guardians partitioning a sacred space.” ref

“For centuries, Christianity fought a mop-up war against these lingering minor pagan deities, but they proved tenacious. For example, Martin Luther‘s Tischreden have numerous – quite serious – references to dealing with kobolds. Eventually, rationalism and the Industrial Revolution threatened to erase most of these minor deities, until the advent of romantic nationalism rehabilitated them and embellished them into objects of literary curiosity in the 19th century. Since the 20th century this literature has been mined for characters for role-playing games, video games, and other fantasy personae, not infrequently invested with invented traits and hierarchies somewhat different from their mythological and folkloric roots.” ref

“In contradistinction to both Herbert Spencer and Edward Burnett Tylor, who defended theories of animistic origins of ancestor worship, Émile Durkheim saw its origin in totemism. In reality, this distinction is somewhat academic, since totemism may be regarded as a particularized manifestation of animism, and something of a synthesis of the two positions was attempted by Sigmund Freud. In Freud’s Totem and Taboo, both totem and taboo are outward expressions or manifestations of the same psychological tendency, a concept which is complementary to, or which rather reconciles, the apparent conflict. Freud preferred to emphasize the psychoanalytic implications of the reification of metaphysical forces, but with particular emphasis on its familial nature. This emphasis underscores, rather than weakens, the ancestral component.” ref

William Edward Hearn, a noted classicist, and jurist, traced the origin of domestic deities from the earliest stages as an expression of animism, a belief system thought to have existed also in the neolithic, and the forerunner of Indo-European religion. In his analysis of the Indo-European household, in Chapter II “The House Spirit”, Section 1, he states:

The belief which guided the conduct of our forefathers was … the spirit rule of dead ancestors.” ref

“In Section 2 he proceeds to elaborate:

It is thus certain that the worship of deceased ancestors is a vera causa, and not a mere hypothesis. …

In the other European nations, the Slavs, the Teutons, and the Kelts, the House Spirit appears with no less distinctness. … [T]he existence of that worship does not admit of doubt. … The House Spirits had a multitude of other names which it is needless here to enumerate, but all of which are more or less expressive of their friendly relations with man. … In [England] … [h]e is the Brownie. … In Scotland this same Brownie is well known. He is usually described as attached to particular families, with whom he has been known to reside for centuries, threshing the corn, cleaning the house, and performing similar household tasks. His favorite gratification was milk and honey.” ref

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ref, ref

Hinduism around 3,700 to 3,500 years old. ref

 Judaism around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. (The first writing in the bible was “Paleo-Hebrew” dated to around 3,000 years ago Khirbet Qeiyafa is the site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley. And many believe the religious Jewish texts were completed around 2,500) ref, ref

Judaism is around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. (“Paleo-Hebrew” 3,000 years ago and Torah 2,500 years ago)

“Judaism is an Abrahamic, its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Some scholars argue that modern Judaism evolved from Yahwism, the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, by the late 6th century BCE, and is thus considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions.” ref

“Yahwism is the name given by modern scholars to the religion of ancient Israel, essentially polytheistic, with a plethora of gods and goddesses. Heading the pantheon was Yahweh, the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, with his consort, the goddess Asherah; below them were second-tier gods and goddesses such as Baal, Shamash, Yarikh, Mot, and Astarte, all of whom had their own priests and prophets and numbered royalty among their devotees, and a third and fourth tier of minor divine beings, including the mal’ak, the messengers of the higher gods, who in later times became the angels of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Yahweh, however, was not the ‘original’ god of Israel “Isra-El”; it is El, the head of the Canaanite pantheon, whose name forms the basis of the name “Israel”, and none of the Old Testament patriarchs, the tribes of Israel, the Judges, or the earliest monarchs, have a Yahwistic theophoric name (i.e., one incorporating the name of Yahweh).” ref

“El is a Northwest Semitic word meaning “god” or “deity“, or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, ‘ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *ʔil-, meaning “god”. Specific deities known as ‘El or ‘Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia’s Early Dynastic Period. ʼĒl is listed at the head of many pantheons. In some Canaanite and Ugaritic sources, ʼĒl played a role as father of the gods, of creation, or both. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, ʾil mlk is understood to mean “ʼĒl the King” but ʾil hd as “the god Hadad“. The Semitic root ʾlh (Arabic ʾilāh, Aramaic ʾAlāh, ʾElāh, Hebrew ʾelōah) may be ʾl with a parasitic h, and ʾl may be an abbreviated form of ʾlh. In Ugaritic the plural form meaning “gods” is ʾilhm, equivalent to Hebrew ʾelōhîm “powers”. In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for “god” by biblical commentators. However the documentary hypothesis for the Old Testament (corresponds to the Jewish Torah) developed originally in the 1870s, identifies these that different authors – the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and the Priestly source – were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. Inconsistencies that arise between monotheism and polytheism in the texts are reflective of this hypothesis.” ref

 

Jainism around 2,599 – 2,527 years old. ref

Confucianism around 2,600 – 2,551 years old. ref

Buddhism around 2,563/2,480 – 2,483/2,400 years old. ref

Christianity around 2,o00 years old. ref

Shinto around 1,305 years old. ref

Islam around 1407–1385 years old. ref

Sikhism around 548–478 years old. ref

Bahá’í around 200–125 years old. ref

Knowledge to Ponder: 

Stars/Astrology:

  • Possibly, around 30,000 years ago (in simpler form) to 6,000 years ago, Stars/Astrology are connected to Ancestors, Spirit Animals, and Deities.
  • The star also seems to be a possible proto-star for Star of Ishtar, Star of Inanna, or Star of Venus.
  • Around 7,000 to 6,000 years ago, Star Constellations/Astrology have connections to the “Kurgan phenomenon” of below-ground “mound” stone/wood burial structures and “Dolmen phenomenon” of above-ground stone burial structures.
  • Around 6,500–5,800 years ago, The Northern Levant migrations into Jordon and Israel in the Southern Levant brought new cultural and religious transfer from Turkey and Iran.
  • “The Ghassulian Star,” a mysterious 6,000-year-old mural from Jordan may have connections to the European paganstic kurgan/dolmens phenomenon.

“Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Different cultures have employed forms of astrology since at least the 2nd millennium BCE, these practices having originated in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Most, if not all, cultures have attached importance to what they observed in the sky, and some—such as the HindusChinese, and the Maya—developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th–17th century BCE Mesopotamia, from where it spread to Ancient GreeceRome, the Islamicate world and eventually Central and Western Europe. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems of horoscopes that purport to explain aspects of a person’s personality and predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems.” ref 

Around 5,500 years ago, Science evolves, The first evidence of science was 5,500 years ago and was demonstrated by a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world. ref

Around 5,000 years ago, Origin of Logics is a Naturalistic Observation (principles of valid reasoning, inference, & demonstration) ref

Around 4,150 to 4,000 years ago: The earliest surviving versions of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, which was originally titled “He who Saw the Deep” (Sha naqba īmuru) or “Surpassing All Other Kings” (Shūtur eli sharrī) were written. ref

Hinduism:

  • 3,700 years ago or so, the oldest of the Hindu Vedas (scriptures), the Rig Veda was composed.
  • 3,500 years ago or so, the Vedic Age began in India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Judaism:

  • around 3,000 years ago, the first writing in the bible was “Paleo-Hebrew”
  • around 2,500 years ago, many believe the religious Jewish texts were completed

Myths: The bible inspired religion is not just one religion or one myth but a grouping of several religions and myths

  • Around 3,450 or 3,250 years ago, according to legend, is the traditionally accepted period in which the Israelite lawgiver, Moses, provided the Ten Commandments.
  • Around 2,500 to 2,400 years ago, a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh, or Old Testament is the first part of Christianity’s bible.
  • Around 2,400 years ago, the most accepted hypothesis is that the canon was formed in stages, first the Pentateuch (Torah).
  • Around 2,140 to 2,116 years ago, the Prophets was written during the Hasmonean dynasty, and finally the remaining books.
  • Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections:
  • The first five books or Pentateuch (Torah).
  • The proposed history books telling the history of the Israelites from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon.
  • The poetic and proposed “Wisdom books” dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world.
  • The books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God:
  • Henotheism:
  • Exodus 20:23 “You shall not make other gods besides Me (not saying there are no other gods just not to worship them); gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves.”
  • Polytheism:
  • Judges 10:6 “Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him.”
  • 1 Corinthians 8:5 “For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords.”
  • Monotheism:
  • Isaiah 43:10 “You are my witnesses,” declares the LORD, “and my servant whom I have chosen, so that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Before me no god was formed, nor will there be one after me.

Around 2,570 to 2,270 Years Ago, there is a confirmation of atheistic doubting as well as atheistic thinking, mainly by Greek philosophers. However, doubting gods is likely as old as the invention of gods and should destroy the thinking that belief in god(s) is the “default belief”. The Greek word is apistos (a “not” and pistos “faithful,”), thus not faithful or faithless because one is unpersuaded and unconvinced by a god(s) claim. Short Definition: unbelieving, unbeliever, or unbelief.

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Expressions of Atheistic Thinking:

  • Around 2,600 years ago, Ajita Kesakambali, ancient Indian philosopher, who is the first known proponent of Indian materialism. ref
  • Around 2,535 to 2,475 years ago, Heraclitus, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor or modern Turkey. ref
  • Around 2,500 to 2,400 years ago, according to The Story of Civilization book series certain African pygmy tribes have no identifiable gods, spirits, or religious beliefs or rituals, and even what burials accrue are without ceremony. ref
  • Around 2,490 to 2,430 years ago, Empedocles, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. ref
  • Around 2,460 to 2,370 years ago, Democritus, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher considered to be the “father of modern science” possibly had some disbelief amounting to atheism. ref
  • Around 2,399 years ago or so, Socrates, a famous Greek philosopher was tried for sinfulness by teaching doubt of state gods. ref
  • Around 2,341 to 2,270 years ago, Epicurus, a Greek philosopher known for composing atheistic critics and famously stated, “Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him god?” ref

This last expression by Epicurus, seems to be an expression of Axiological Atheism. To understand and utilize value or actually possess “Value Conscious/Consciousness” to both give a strong moral “axiological” argument (the problem of evil) as well as use it to fortify humanism and positive ethical persuasion of human helping and care responsibilities. Because value-blindness gives rise to sociopathic/psychopathic evil.

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

While hallucinogens are associated with shamanism, it is alcohol that is associated with paganism.

The Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries Shows in the prehistory series:

Show one: Prehistory: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” the division of labor, power, rights, and recourses.

Show two: Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”

Show tree: Totemism 50,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”

Show four: Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”

Show five: Paganism 12,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”

Show six: Emergence of hierarchy, sexism, slavery, and the new male god dominance: Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves!

Show seven: Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (Kings and the Rise of the State)

Show eight: Paganism 4,000 years old: Moralistic gods after the rise of Statism and often support Statism/Kings: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism)

Prehistory: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” the division of labor, power, rights, and recourses: VIDEO

Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”: VIDEO

Totemism 50,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”: VIDEO

Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism”: VIDEO

Paganism 12,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (Pre-Capitalism): VIDEO

Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves: VIEDO

Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (Kings and the Rise of the State): VIEDO

Paganism 4,000 years old: related to “Anarchism and Socialism” (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism): VIEDO

I do not hate simply because I challenge and expose myths or lies any more than others being thought of as loving simply because of the protection and hiding from challenge their favored myths or lies.

The truth is best championed in the sunlight of challenge.

An archaeologist once said to me “Damien religion and culture are very different”

My response, So are you saying that was always that way, such as would you say Native Americans’ cultures are separate from their religions? And do you think it always was the way you believe?

I had said that religion was a cultural product. That is still how I see it and there are other archaeologists that think close to me as well. Gods too are the myths of cultures that did not understand science or the world around them, seeing magic/supernatural everywhere.

I personally think there is a goddess and not enough evidence to support a male god at Çatalhöyük but if there was both a male and female god and goddess then I know the kind of gods they were like Proto-Indo-European mythology.

This series idea was addressed in, Anarchist Teaching as Free Public Education or Free Education in the Public: VIDEO

Our 12 video series: Organized Oppression: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of power (9,000-4,000 years ago), is adapted from: The Complete and Concise History of the Sumerians and Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia (7000-2000 BC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFjxmY7jQA by “History with Cy

Show #1: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid)

Show #2: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Eridu “Tell Abu Shahrain”)

Show #3: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Uruk and the First Cities)

Show #4: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (First Kings)

Show #5: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Early Dynastic Period)

Show #6: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (King/Ruler Lugalzagesi)

Show #7: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Sargon and Akkadian Rule)

Show #8: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Naram-Sin, Post-Akkadian Rule, and the Gutians)

Show #9: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Gudea of Lagash and Utu-hegal)

Show #10: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Third Dynasty of Ur / Neo-Sumerian Empire)

Show #11: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Amorites, Elamites, and the End of an Era)

Show #12: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Aftermath and Legacy of Sumer)

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

The “Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries”

Cory Johnston ☭ Ⓐ Atheist Leftist @Skepticallefty & I (Damien Marie AtHope) @AthopeMarie (my YouTube & related blog) are working jointly in atheist, antitheist, antireligionist, antifascist, anarchist, socialist, and humanist endeavors in our videos together, generally, every other Saturday.

Why Does Power Bring Responsibility?

Think, how often is it the powerless that start wars, oppress others, or commit genocide? So, I guess the question is to us all, to ask, how can power not carry responsibility in a humanity concept? I know I see the deep ethical responsibility that if there is power their must be a humanistic responsibility of ethical and empathic stewardship of that power. Will I be brave enough to be kind? Will I possess enough courage to be compassionate? Will my valor reach its height of empathy? I as everyone, earns our justified respect by our actions, that are good, ethical, just, protecting, and kind. Do I have enough self-respect to put my love for humanity’s flushing, over being brought down by some of its bad actors? May we all be the ones doing good actions in the world, to help human flourishing.

I create the world I want to live in, striving for flourishing. Which is not a place but a positive potential involvement and promotion; a life of humanist goal precision. To master oneself, also means mastering positive prosocial behaviors needed for human flourishing. I may have lost a god myth as an atheist, but I am happy to tell you, my friend, it is exactly because of that, leaving the mental terrorizer, god belief, that I truly regained my connected ethical as well as kind humanity.

Cory and I will talk about prehistory and theism, addressing the relevance to atheism, anarchism, and socialism.

At the same time as the rise of the male god, 7,000 years ago, there was also the very time there was the rise of violence, war, and clans to kingdoms, then empires, then states. It is all connected back to 7,000 years ago, and it moved across the world.

Cory Johnston: https://damienmarieathope.com/2021/04/cory-johnston-mind-of-a-skeptical-leftist/?v=32aec8db952d  

The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist (YouTube)

Cory Johnston: Mind of a Skeptical Leftist @Skepticallefty

The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist By Cory Johnston: “Promoting critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics by covering current events and talking to a variety of people. Cory Johnston has been thoughtfully talking to people and attempting to promote critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics.” http://anchor.fm/skepticalleft

Cory needs our support. We rise by helping each other.

Cory Johnston ☭ Ⓐ @Skepticallefty Evidence-based atheist leftist (he/him) Producer, host, and co-host of 4 podcasts @skeptarchy @skpoliticspod and @AthopeMarie

Damien Marie AtHope (“At Hope”) Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist. Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Poet, Philosopher, Advocate, Activist, Psychology, and Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Historian.

Damien is interested in: Freedom, Liberty, Justice, Equality, Ethics, Humanism, Science, Atheism, Antiteism, Antireligionism, Ignosticism, Left-Libertarianism, Anarchism, Socialism, Mutualism, Axiology, Metaphysics, LGBTQI, Philosophy, Advocacy, Activism, Mental Health, Psychology, Archaeology, Social Work, Sexual Rights, Marriage Rights, Woman’s Rights, Gender Rights, Child Rights, Secular Rights, Race Equality, Ageism/Disability Equality, Etc. And a far-leftist, “Anarcho-Humanist.”

I am not a good fit in the atheist movement that is mostly pro-capitalist, I am anti-capitalist. Mostly pro-skeptic, I am a rationalist not valuing skepticism. Mostly pro-agnostic, I am anti-agnostic. Mostly limited to anti-Abrahamic religions, I am an anti-religionist. 

To me, the “male god” seems to have either emerged or become prominent around 7,000 years ago, whereas the now favored monotheism “male god” is more like 4,000 years ago or so. To me, the “female goddess” seems to have either emerged or become prominent around 11,000-10,000 years ago or so, losing the majority of its once prominence around 2,000 years ago due largely to the now favored monotheism “male god” that grow in prominence after 4,000 years ago or so. 

My Thought on the Evolution of Gods?

Animal protector deities from old totems/spirit animal beliefs come first to me, 13,000/12,000 years ago, then women as deities 11,000/10,000 years ago, then male gods around 7,000/8,000 years ago. Moralistic gods around 5,000/4,000 years ago, and monotheistic gods around 4,000/3,000 years ago. 

Damien Marie AtHope’s Art

Damien Marie AtHope (Said as “At” “Hope”)/(Autodidact Polymath but not good at math):

Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist, Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Jeweler, Poet, “autodidact” Philosopher, schooled in Psychology, and “autodidact” Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Pre-Historian (Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago). I am an anarchist socialist politically. Reasons for or Types of Atheism

My Website, My Blog, & Short-writing or QuotesMy YouTube, Twitter: @AthopeMarie, and My Email: damien.marie.athope@gmail.com

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